日本語 · cheat sheet

ひらがなHiragana — gojuon

aiueo
a
i
u
e
o
k
ka
ki
ku
ke
ko
s
sa
shi
su
se
so
t
ta
chi
tsu
te
to
n
na
ni
nu
ne
no
h
ha
hi
fu
he
ho
m
ma
mi
mu
me
mo
y
ya
yu
yo
r
ra
ri
ru
re
ro
w/n
wa
wo

n — the only kana that ends a syllable on its own

Voiced (dakuten ゛) and plosive (handakuten ゜)

aiueo
g
ga
gi
gu
ge
go
z
za
ji
zu
ze
zo
d
da
ji
zu
de
do
b
ba
bi
bu
be
bo
p
pa
pi
pu
pe
po

JISKeyboard map (kana positions)

vowels k-row s-row t-row

Long vowels in romaji

ō = "ou" or "oo"
arigatō → arigatou · Tōkyō → toukyou
ū = "uu"
tsū → tsuu
ē = "ei" or "ee"
sensei — long e even without macron
ā = "aa"
obāsan (grandma) → obaasan
ī = "ii"
oishii — already double-i

In katakana, long vowels use the dash: コーヒー (kōhī).

Small kana & sound rules

っ (small tsu) = double the next consonant
きって → kitte (stamp) · まって → matte (wait!)
ゃ ゅ ょ (small ya/yu/yo) = combine with i-row
きゃ kya, しゅ shu, ちょ cho — きょう → kyou (today)
ー (long bar, katakana) = stretch the previous vowel
ラーメン rāmen, コーヒー kōhī

助詞Particles — the connective tissue

wa (topic)marks "as for X" — pronounced "wa". わたしは… = as for me…
o (object)direct object — pronounced "o". コードをかく = write code.
ni (direction/time)"to / at / in" — にほんにいく = go to Japan.
de (location of action)"at / by means of" — マックでかく = write on a Mac.
no (possessive)"'s" or "of" — わたしのねこ = my cat.
to (with / and)パンとコーヒー = bread and coffee.
ka (question)げんきですか? = are you well?
mo (also)"too / also" — わたしも = me too.
からkara (from / because)start point or cause.
までmade (until)end point.

数字Numbers

ichi1
ni2
san3
shi / yon4 (yon more common)
go5
roku6
shichi / nana7
hachi8
kyū / ku9
10
hyaku100
sen1,000
man10,000 (counts in 10k chunks!)
一万円ichi-man-en10,000 yen

時間Time

imanow
今日kyōtoday
明日ashitatomorrow
昨日kinōyesterday
asamorning
hirunoon / daytime
yorunight
tsuki / -gatsumoon / month
toshi / -nenyear
-fun / -punminute
-jio'clock — 七時 = 7 o'clock

挨拶Greetings

konnichiwahello (daytime)
ohayōgood morning (casual)
konbanwagood evening
arigatōthanks
sumimasenexcuse me / sorry
gomen nasaiI'm sorry
itadakimasubefore eating
gochisōsamaafter eating
otsukaresamagood work / done
hai / iieyes / no

At the station

ekistation
deguchiexit
iriguchientrance
kaisatsuticket gate
kipputicket
denshatrain
shinkansenbullet train
chikatetsusubway
Yamanote-senTokyo loop
kakueki teishalocal (every stop)
kyūkō / tokkyūexpress / limited
nanbansenwhich platform?

食事Eating out

irasshaimasewelcome! (no reply)
chūmonorder
o-kaikeithe bill
o-mizu / o-chawater / tea
oishiidelicious
karai / amaispicy / sweet
izakayaJapanese pub

買い物Shopping

ikurahow much?
enyen
rejicash register
fukurobag
konbiniconvenience store
ryōshūshoreceipt (formal)

標識Signs you'll see

otearai / toirerestroom
otoko / onnamen / women
osu / hikupush / pull
aku / shimaruopen / closed
kikendanger
tachiiri kinshino entry
kin'enno smoking
annaiinformation
jinja / terashrine / temple
onsenhot spring (♨)

アニメAnime & casual

tomodachifriend
senpai / kōhaisenior / junior
shujinkōprotagonist
mattewait!
ikōlet's go
ganbaredo your best!
daijōbuit's okay
kawaiicute
seichi junreianime pilgrimage

文型Sentence skeletons

X は Y です — "X is Y"
わたしは エヤルです — I am Eyal · これは ペンです — this is a pen
X を します — "do X"
コーヒーを のみます — drink coffee
X に いきます — "go to X"
京都に いきます — go to Kyoto
X で Y を します — "do Y at/with X"
マックで コードを かきます — write code on a Mac
X が ありますか? — "is there X?"
トイレが ありますか? — is there a restroom?
すみません, X を ください — "excuse me, X please"
すみません、お水をください — water please